Informational texts, more complex fantasy, realistic fiction, traditional literature (folktales), biographies, autobiographies, memoirs, mysteries, historical fiction, short stories, genre combinations, diaries • Collections of short stories that have interrelated themes or build a single plot across the book • Fiction – settings requiring knowledge of content (history, geography, etc.) • Long stretches of descriptive language that are important to understanding the setting and characters • Some long strings of unassigned dialogue from which story action must be inferred • Settings distant in time and space from students’ experiences • Many new vocabulary words for readers to derive meaning from context • Extensive use of figurative language (idioms, simile, metaphor) • Words with a wide variety of very complex spelling patterns • Words that are seldom used in oral language and are difficult to decode

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